Stepper motor knowledge in detail, no longer afraid to read the stepper motor!
Release time:
2023-06-12 00:00
The stepper motor driver controls the windings of the stepper motor to be energised in a certain timing sequence, either forward or reverse, according to external control pulses and direction signals, and through its internal logic circuitry, so that the motor rotates forward/reverse, or locks.
Take a 1.8 degree two-phase stepper motor as an example: when both windings are energised and excited, the motor output shaft will be stationary and locked in position. The maximum torque that will keep the motor locked at rated current is the holding torque. If the current in one of the windings changes direction, the motor will rotate by one step (1.8 degrees) in a given direction.
Similarly, if the current in the other winding is diverted, the motor will rotate one step (1.8 degrees) in the opposite direction to the former. When the currents through the windings are sequentially redirected and excited, the motor will rotate in a continuous step in the given direction with very high accuracy. For a 1.8 degree two-phase stepper motor it takes 200 steps to rotate one week.
Two-phase stepper motors have two types of winding: bipolar and unipolar. Bipolar motors have only one winding per phase, so the current has to be excited in the same coil in sequence during continuous rotation, and the drive circuit design requires eight electronic switches for sequential switching.
Unipolar motors have two windings of opposite polarity on each phase, so that the motor is continuously rotated by alternately energising the two windings on the same phase. The drive circuit is designed to require only four electronic switches. In the bipolar drive mode, the output torque of the motor is increased by approximately 40% compared to the unipolar drive mode, as the winding coils of each phase are 100% excited.
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The motor controller, the device that controls the energy transfer between the power supply and the drive motor, consists of a control signal interface circuit, a drive motor control circuit and a drive circuit. In electric vehicles, the function of the motor controller is to convert the electrical energy stored in the power battery into the electrical energy required by the drive motor according to the gear, throttle, brake and other commands to control the driving state of the electric vehicle such as starting operation, in and out speed, climbing effort, or will help the electric vehicle to brake and store part of the braking energy in the power battery.
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